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Mapping and Visualizing Glaucoma possible?

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  Glaucoma is the leading cause of global irreversible blindness, affecting more than 70 million people worldwide between the ages of 40 – 80. Tests to diagnose and understand the impact of disease are well established, however, the actual patient experience of glaucoma-affected vision has been confined to epidemiologic descriptions of function and imprecise visualization of what the patient sees. Many patients diagnosed with early-stage glaucoma are prescribed life-long therapies, yet they experience minimal visual distortions. The eventual, long-term impact of glaucoma on their activities of daily living and quality of life eludes them, reducing chances for treatment compliance. Furthermore, the limited visual depiction of the disease may prevent providers and family members from providing empathetic care and support. Breast cancer is currently the second major cause of death for women in the US (American Cancer Society 2019). New research has highlighted the significance of the t
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Does protein modulates sporulation initiation in Clostridioides difficile?

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Many members of the Firmicutes phylum turn out endospores (hereafter spores for simplicity), as resilient and metabolically dormant structures which will stay viable for long periods of your time. For the anaerobic bacterium, the assembly of oxygen-resistant spores is a vital mechanism for transmission between hosts and persistence within and out of doors the host1. an outsized proportion of recently known members of the human gut microbiota square measure reproductive structure formers, several of that square measure anaerobic1,2 and in rare cases will cause opportunist infections1,3. different reproductive structure formers, however, have evolved to become dedicated pathogens which will cause a range of diseases that the transmissible and agent is usually the reproductive structure. Toxins square measure created by the actively growing cells that result from reproductive structure germination , light the central role agamogenesis has within the pathophysiology of infection4. One exam
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Do we know enough about mRNA Vaccine?

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mRNA immunizing agents square measure a brand new style of vaccine to safeguard against infectious diseases. To trigger Associate in nursing immunologic response, several vaccines place a weakened or inactivated germ into our bodies. Not mRNA vaccines. Instead, they teach our cells the way to build a protein—or even simply a bit of a protein—that triggers Associate in Nursing immunologic response within our bodies. That immunologic response, that produces antibodies, is what protects U.S. from obtaining infected if the important virus enters our bodies. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines offer directions for our cells to create a harmless piece of what's known as the “spike macromolecule.”   The spike macromolecule is found on the surface of the virus that causes COVID-19. First, COVID-19 mRNA vaccines square measure given within the higher arm muscle. Once the directions (mRNA) square measure within the immune cells, the cells use them to create the macromolecule piece. Once the macromolec
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What is Laboratory Medicine?

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Whether it's mensuration steroid alcohol levels to work out a patient’s risk for upset, culturing specimens to pinpoint the explanation for an infection or sequencing the polymer of tumours to assist decide the most effective selection of therapy, laboratory drugs is there as a partner to patients and clinicians in up their health and tending. Laboratory drugs may be a major hub within the tending system, from advanced to easy tests, in clinics and hospitals, at the side or at specialised reference facilities, with the bulk of treatment selections supported work check results. Blood specimens taken from finger pricks or venepuncture, most work tests square measure performed on. However clinical laboratories additionally analyse several alternative sorts of samples: pee, saliva, breath, sweat, liquid body substance, stool and hair. Infectious agent’s gift within the body tissues; proteins, enzymes , DNA, RNA, bacteria, viruses and lots of others, work tests additionally embrace d
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How Live Attenuated Vaccines stimulates immunity?

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Attached to MHC class II antigens, The APCs recirculate and display fragments of the processed antigen on their cell surface. This complex of processed foreign antigen peptide and host MHC class II antigens form an area of the precise signal, with which APCs (along with the MHC peptide complex) triggers the activation of T-helper lymphocytes. Once they replicate within the host live, attenuated vaccines stimulate protective immune responses. Digested by scavenger cells, the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that circulate throughout the body, the host are released into the extracellular space surrounding the infected cells and the viral proteins produced within and are then acquired, internalized . B cells, which work together to expand immune response, these APCs include macrophages, dendritic cells. These complexes together are recognized by a second class of T cells, in conjunction with other stimulation by APCs and production of cytokine-stimulated T cells, killer or cytotoxic c
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What is Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis?

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Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis could also be a kidney disease that follows after an infection. The foremost common and best understood kind of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis is poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis . Less is known about the other kinds of postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Deep abscesses, and infected atrioventricular shunts in hydrocephalus, additionally, there are glomerulonephritides that occur during persistent bacterial infections like bacterial endocarditis. An outsized number of bacterial, viral, and mycotic infections could even be followed by acute glomerulonephritis. Especially after bacterial and viral infections, a proliferative kind of glomerulonephritis occurs. With generally a worse prognosis, in parasitic infections membranous or membranoproliferative forms are seen more often. However, most cases of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis are caused by A streptococci and follow upper airway infections , like pharyngitis or tonsilliti
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Why precision Medicine?

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To increase patient specificity is a major goal of modern medicine so the right treatment is administered at the right time in the right dose to the right patient. For example, in the area of oncology, treatment methods are moving away from one-size-fits-all approaches. To target those specific alterations knowing the unique molecular mutations driving a person’s condition allows us to design therapies. Integrate information derived from various tests pathologists today must be able to and correlate it with clinical information. Increasingly with precision medicine, pathologists will need to leave the laboratory and play a more active role in clinical decision-making at the bedside. The need for pathologists to work more closely with clinicians is the new frontier of medicine. Interactions between pathologists and the patient care team should increase in future. A pathologist in a Taiwan said: “Clinicians shall offer the first-line clinical information should be offered to the c
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